Timeline of the Titanic’s Final Hours
~ #6335 The Bandstand, Dovercourt Bay, Essex (1912) H&D FW ~
Sometimes, what’s written on a postcard is more important than the card itself.
This Dovercourt Bandstand postcard was produced around 1910, but posted from Ipswich on April 12th 1912.
After the family had completed a day trip to Dovercourt, with part of the message stating “We are having a very enjoyable holiday, although the weather is rather cold” not unusual until you realise, that at this very time, the Titanic was sailing out towards New York in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, via Southampton and Queenstown.
Titanic left Southampton, England on April 10th with cooler weather en-route, the ship passed through a cold front on the afternoon of April 12th. An Arctic air mass was over the area on the clear, star-lit night with sub freezing temperatures and calm winds resulted in a sea that appeared “like glass”.
Icebergs were known to be in the region, but the calm winds made spotting them difficult. To spot icebergs during the night, lookouts searched for wind-driven waves breaking around their bases.
The ship struck an iceberg at 11:40 pm. Sunday, April 14.
The rest is heartbreaking history.
This Dovercourt Bandstand postcard was produced around 1910, but posted from Ipswich on April 12th 1912.
After the family had completed a day trip to Dovercourt, with part of the message stating “We are having a very enjoyable holiday, although the weather is rather cold” not unusual until you realise, that at this very time, the Titanic was sailing out towards New York in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, via Southampton and Queenstown.
Titanic left Southampton, England on April 10th with cooler weather en-route, the ship passed through a cold front on the afternoon of April 12th. An Arctic air mass was over the area on the clear, star-lit night with sub freezing temperatures and calm winds resulted in a sea that appeared “like glass”.
Icebergs were known to be in the region, but the calm winds made spotting them difficult. To spot icebergs during the night, lookouts searched for wind-driven waves breaking around their bases.
The ship struck an iceberg at 11:40 pm. Sunday, April 14.
The rest is heartbreaking history.
Timeline of the Titanic’s Final Hours
April 14, 1912 : Morning
Capt. Edward J. Smith cancels a scheduled lifeboat drill.
17:50 Hrs
After receiving iceberg warnings throughout the day, Captain Smith changes the Titanic's course, heading slightly south. However, the ship's speed is not lowered.
21:40 Hrs
The "Mesaba" sends a warning to the Titanic about an ice field that includes “heavy pack ice and a great number of large icebergs.” Wireless operator Jack Phillips (who works for the Marconi Company is handling passengers' messages and never passes the warning on to the Titanic's bridge.
22:00 Hrs
The shift changes on the bridge, with First Officer William Murdoch relieving Second Officer Charles Lightoller as the officer of the watch.
Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee begin their watch in the Titanic's crow's nest. The night is unusually calm, making icebergs more difficult to see, because there are no waves breaking at the icebergs. Adding to the difficulties is the fact that the crow’s nest's binoculars have been misplaced.
22:55 Hrs
The nearby "Californian" radios the "Titanic" : “Say, old man, we are stopped and surrounded by ice.” An annoyed Phillips responds: “Shut up! Shut up! I am busy. I am working Cape Race.” (A wireless station is located at Cape Race, Newfoundland, Canada.)
Capt. Edward J. Smith cancels a scheduled lifeboat drill.
17:50 Hrs
After receiving iceberg warnings throughout the day, Captain Smith changes the Titanic's course, heading slightly south. However, the ship's speed is not lowered.
21:40 Hrs
The "Mesaba" sends a warning to the Titanic about an ice field that includes “heavy pack ice and a great number of large icebergs.” Wireless operator Jack Phillips (who works for the Marconi Company is handling passengers' messages and never passes the warning on to the Titanic's bridge.
22:00 Hrs
The shift changes on the bridge, with First Officer William Murdoch relieving Second Officer Charles Lightoller as the officer of the watch.
Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee begin their watch in the Titanic's crow's nest. The night is unusually calm, making icebergs more difficult to see, because there are no waves breaking at the icebergs. Adding to the difficulties is the fact that the crow’s nest's binoculars have been misplaced.
22:55 Hrs
The nearby "Californian" radios the "Titanic" : “Say, old man, we are stopped and surrounded by ice.” An annoyed Phillips responds: “Shut up! Shut up! I am busy. I am working Cape Race.” (A wireless station is located at Cape Race, Newfoundland, Canada.)
~ #6335 The Bandstand, Dovercourt Bay, Essex (1912) H&D FR ~
23:00 Hrs
Most of the Titanic's passengers have retired to their rooms for the evening.
23:35 Hrs
The wireless operator on the Californian turns off his radio.
Fleet sees an iceberg in the Titanic's path and rings the bell three times to indicate that something is ahead. He then calls the bridge. Murdoch orders the Titanic “hard-a-starboard” (to the left) and the engines reversed. He also closes the doors to the supposedly watertight compartments.
23:40 Hrs
The starboard side of the Titanic scrapes along the iceberg.
Captain Smith arrives on deck and is told that the ship has struck an iceberg. Shortly thereafter he is informed that the mail room is filling with water. Other reports soon come in of water in at least five of the ship's compartments.
Designer Thomas Andrews surveys the damage. The Titanic was built to remain afloat with only four compartments flooded. Andrews predicts that the ship has only about one to two hours before sinking.
Most of the Titanic's passengers have retired to their rooms for the evening.
23:35 Hrs
The wireless operator on the Californian turns off his radio.
Fleet sees an iceberg in the Titanic's path and rings the bell three times to indicate that something is ahead. He then calls the bridge. Murdoch orders the Titanic “hard-a-starboard” (to the left) and the engines reversed. He also closes the doors to the supposedly watertight compartments.
23:40 Hrs
The starboard side of the Titanic scrapes along the iceberg.
Captain Smith arrives on deck and is told that the ship has struck an iceberg. Shortly thereafter he is informed that the mail room is filling with water. Other reports soon come in of water in at least five of the ship's compartments.
Designer Thomas Andrews surveys the damage. The Titanic was built to remain afloat with only four compartments flooded. Andrews predicts that the ship has only about one to two hours before sinking.
01 Sea Trials of R.M.S. Titanic (1912) H&D FW
April 15, 1912
00:00 Hrs
The lifeboats begin to be readied for launch. The 20 boats have space for only 1,178 of the more than 2,200 people on board. An order is later given for women and children to board first, with crewmen to row and guide the boats.
00:15 Hrs
Captain Smith orders Phillips and Harold Bride to send out a distress signal. Although S.O.S. became the official distress signal several years earlier, many still use C.Q.D. (C.Q. signifies a general call, and the D means distress.) Over the next several hours, Phillips will send out both.
The "Frankfurt" is among the first to respond, but the liner is some 170 nautical miles (315 km) away, to the south. Other ships also offer assistance—including the Titanic's sister ship the "Olympic" but are too far away.
00:00 Hrs
The lifeboats begin to be readied for launch. The 20 boats have space for only 1,178 of the more than 2,200 people on board. An order is later given for women and children to board first, with crewmen to row and guide the boats.
00:15 Hrs
Captain Smith orders Phillips and Harold Bride to send out a distress signal. Although S.O.S. became the official distress signal several years earlier, many still use C.Q.D. (C.Q. signifies a general call, and the D means distress.) Over the next several hours, Phillips will send out both.
The "Frankfurt" is among the first to respond, but the liner is some 170 nautical miles (315 km) away, to the south. Other ships also offer assistance—including the Titanic's sister ship the "Olympic" but are too far away.
02 Titanic The Ship 01 (1912) H&D FC
00:20 Hrs
The "Carpathia" receives a distress signal from the Titanic: “Come at once. We have struck a berg. It's a CQD, old man.” The Cunard liner immediately changes course to aid the stricken ship some 58 nautical miles (107 km) away. It will take the "Carpathia" more than three hours to arrive.
Fourth Officer Joseph G. Boxhall, tasked with determining the Titanic's position, revises the coordinates. The location is now given as 41°46’ N 50°14’ W in the distress signals.
Passengers waiting to enter lifeboats are entertained by the Titanic's musicians, who initially play in the first-class lounge before eventually moving to the ship's deck. Sources will differ on how long they perform, until shortly before the ship sinks, according to some. Speculation will also surround the last song they perform likely either “Autumn” or “Nearer My God to Thee.”
None of the musicians will survive the sinking.
The "Carpathia" receives a distress signal from the Titanic: “Come at once. We have struck a berg. It's a CQD, old man.” The Cunard liner immediately changes course to aid the stricken ship some 58 nautical miles (107 km) away. It will take the "Carpathia" more than three hours to arrive.
Fourth Officer Joseph G. Boxhall, tasked with determining the Titanic's position, revises the coordinates. The location is now given as 41°46’ N 50°14’ W in the distress signals.
Passengers waiting to enter lifeboats are entertained by the Titanic's musicians, who initially play in the first-class lounge before eventually moving to the ship's deck. Sources will differ on how long they perform, until shortly before the ship sinks, according to some. Speculation will also surround the last song they perform likely either “Autumn” or “Nearer My God to Thee.”
None of the musicians will survive the sinking.
03 Titanic The Ship 03 (1912) H&D FC
00:45 Hrs
Number 7 on the starboard side is the first lifeboat lowered. It carries some 27 people even though it has room for 65. Many of the first lifeboats will be launched well below capacity, partially because of the crewmen's worry that the davits would be unable to hold a fully loaded lifeboat. In addition, many passengers are initially afraid to leave the ship, believing that the Titanic is unsinkable.
The Titanic fires the first of eight distress rockets. A ship has been sighted less than 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) away, but the crew is unable to contact it through telegraph or Morse lamp. The rockets also prove unsuccessful.
Crewmen aboard the "Californian" see the rockets but fail to determine their source. Thought for some time to be the nearby ship seen by the Titanic, the Californian will later be believed to have been some 20 nautical miles (37 km) away. (The mystery ship will be thought to be a Norwegian fishing vessel that was illegally hunting seal.)
Number 7 on the starboard side is the first lifeboat lowered. It carries some 27 people even though it has room for 65. Many of the first lifeboats will be launched well below capacity, partially because of the crewmen's worry that the davits would be unable to hold a fully loaded lifeboat. In addition, many passengers are initially afraid to leave the ship, believing that the Titanic is unsinkable.
The Titanic fires the first of eight distress rockets. A ship has been sighted less than 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) away, but the crew is unable to contact it through telegraph or Morse lamp. The rockets also prove unsuccessful.
Crewmen aboard the "Californian" see the rockets but fail to determine their source. Thought for some time to be the nearby ship seen by the Titanic, the Californian will later be believed to have been some 20 nautical miles (37 km) away. (The mystery ship will be thought to be a Norwegian fishing vessel that was illegally hunting seal.)
04 Titanic Deck Plan (1912) H&D F
00:55 Hrs
Number 5 is the second lifeboat to leave the Titanic. As it is being lowered, two male passengers jump into the boat, injuring one of the female occupants.
Number 6 is launched, containing passenger Molly Brown and lookout Fleet. The lifeboat is commanded by Quartermaster Robert Hichens, who was at the wheel when the Titanic struck the iceberg. His subsequent actions—notably his refusal to look for survivors because they will only find “stiffs”—draw the ire of other occupants, notably Brown, who threatens to throw him overboard.
Number 5 is the second lifeboat to leave the Titanic. As it is being lowered, two male passengers jump into the boat, injuring one of the female occupants.
Number 6 is launched, containing passenger Molly Brown and lookout Fleet. The lifeboat is commanded by Quartermaster Robert Hichens, who was at the wheel when the Titanic struck the iceberg. His subsequent actions—notably his refusal to look for survivors because they will only find “stiffs”—draw the ire of other occupants, notably Brown, who threatens to throw him overboard.
05 Titanic The Ship 05 (1912) H&D FW
01:00 Hrs
Number 3 is lowered. It carries approximately 39 people, 12 of whom are part of the ship's crew.
Water is seen at the base (E deck) of the Grand Staircase.
Number 1 is launched with only 12 people; it can hold 40. (An emergency cutter, it is smaller than a standard lifeboat and was designed for quick lowering, as in cases of a person overboard.) Among its occupants are first-class passengers Sir Cosmo Edmund Duff-Gordon and his wife, Lucy. Seven of the occupants are crewmen and Duff-Gordon pays each of them £5, reportedly to replace lost clothing and gear but possibly—according to subsequent accusations—as a bribe to keep the crew from letting anyone else into the boat.
Number 3 is lowered. It carries approximately 39 people, 12 of whom are part of the ship's crew.
Water is seen at the base (E deck) of the Grand Staircase.
Number 1 is launched with only 12 people; it can hold 40. (An emergency cutter, it is smaller than a standard lifeboat and was designed for quick lowering, as in cases of a person overboard.) Among its occupants are first-class passengers Sir Cosmo Edmund Duff-Gordon and his wife, Lucy. Seven of the occupants are crewmen and Duff-Gordon pays each of them £5, reportedly to replace lost clothing and gear but possibly—according to subsequent accusations—as a bribe to keep the crew from letting anyone else into the boat.
06 Titanic The Ship 02 (1912) H&D FW
01:10 Hrs
Number 8 is among the first lifeboats lowered on the port side. It is launched with only 28 people, including first-class passenger Lucy Noël Martha, countess of Rothes, who will later man the tiller. Isidor and Ida Straus are offered seats in the boat. However, Isidor refuses to disobey the order of “women and children first.” Ida, in turn, will not leave her husband's side, reportedly saying, “Where you go, I go.” Neither will survive.
Number 8 is among the first lifeboats lowered on the port side. It is launched with only 28 people, including first-class passenger Lucy Noël Martha, countess of Rothes, who will later man the tiller. Isidor and Ida Straus are offered seats in the boat. However, Isidor refuses to disobey the order of “women and children first.” Ida, in turn, will not leave her husband's side, reportedly saying, “Where you go, I go.” Neither will survive.
07 Titanic & Piers II (1912) H&D FC
01:20 Hrs
Number 10 is launched. Among the occupants is nine-week-old Millvina Dean, who will become the last living survivor of the disaster; she will die in 2009 at the age of 97.
Number 9 on the stern starboard side is lowered. With some 56 people on board, it is nearly full. One of the occupants is American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim's alleged mistress. Guggenheim and his valet later change into formal attire, and he reportedly says, “We've dressed up in our best and are prepared to go down like gentlemen.” His body will never be recovered.
Number 10 is launched. Among the occupants is nine-week-old Millvina Dean, who will become the last living survivor of the disaster; she will die in 2009 at the age of 97.
Number 9 on the stern starboard side is lowered. With some 56 people on board, it is nearly full. One of the occupants is American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim's alleged mistress. Guggenheim and his valet later change into formal attire, and he reportedly says, “We've dressed up in our best and are prepared to go down like gentlemen.” His body will never be recovered.
08 Titanic & Piers (1912) H&D FC
01:25 Hrs
Possibly not understanding the direness of the situation, the "Olympic" radios: “Are you steering southerly to meet us?” The Titanic responds: “We are putting the women off in the boats.” While still hours away, the "Olympic" will be informed by the "Carpathia" of the Titanic's sinking.
Number 12 is lowered with about half of its seats empty. However, it will eventually carry more than 70 people.
Possibly not understanding the direness of the situation, the "Olympic" radios: “Are you steering southerly to meet us?” The Titanic responds: “We are putting the women off in the boats.” While still hours away, the "Olympic" will be informed by the "Carpathia" of the Titanic's sinking.
Number 12 is lowered with about half of its seats empty. However, it will eventually carry more than 70 people.
09 Titanic & Spectators Maiden Voyage(1912) H&D FC
01:30 Hrs
Amid the growing panic, several male passengers try to board Number 14, causing Fifth Officer Harold Lowe to fire his gun three times. He is later placed in command of the boat. After the sinking of the Titanic, Lowe will transfer people into Lifeboats 4, 10, 12, and Collapsible D so he can return to look for survivors in the water. He will pull several men to safety and rescue those in the partially flooded collapsible Lifeboat A. (The collapsible lifeboats have canvas sides that can be folded for easy storage. Their capacity is 47.)
Phillips continues to send out distress calls with growing desperation: “Women and children in boats. Cannot last much longer.”
Number 13 is launched and is soon followed by Number 15, which holds many third-class passengers. As it is being lowered, Number 15 nearly lands on Number 13, which has drifted under it. However, the crewmen in Number 13 are able to cut the launch ropes and row to safety.
Amid the growing panic, several male passengers try to board Number 14, causing Fifth Officer Harold Lowe to fire his gun three times. He is later placed in command of the boat. After the sinking of the Titanic, Lowe will transfer people into Lifeboats 4, 10, 12, and Collapsible D so he can return to look for survivors in the water. He will pull several men to safety and rescue those in the partially flooded collapsible Lifeboat A. (The collapsible lifeboats have canvas sides that can be folded for easy storage. Their capacity is 47.)
Phillips continues to send out distress calls with growing desperation: “Women and children in boats. Cannot last much longer.”
Number 13 is launched and is soon followed by Number 15, which holds many third-class passengers. As it is being lowered, Number 15 nearly lands on Number 13, which has drifted under it. However, the crewmen in Number 13 are able to cut the launch ropes and row to safety.
10 Titanic Crew on Deck (1912) H&D FC
01:35 Hrs
Number 16 is launched.
01:40 Hrs
Collapsible C is lowered. Among its occupants is White Star chairman J. Bruce Ismay. Although he will later claim that no women or children were in the area when he boarded the lifeboat, others will refute that assertion. His decision not to go down with the ship will result in many branding him a coward.
Number 16 is launched.
01:40 Hrs
Collapsible C is lowered. Among its occupants is White Star chairman J. Bruce Ismay. Although he will later claim that no women or children were in the area when he boarded the lifeboat, others will refute that assertion. His decision not to go down with the ship will result in many branding him a coward.
11 Titanic Leaving Cowes (1912) H&D FC
01:45 Hrs
Number 2, an emergency cutter, is launched under the command of Fourth Officer Boxhall. Aboard are some 20 people.
Number 11 is lowered with some 50 people aboard.
Number 4 is readied for launch. Madeleine Astor, some five months pregnant, is helped onto the boat by her husband, John Jacob Astor. When Astor asks if he may join her, Second Officer Lightoller—who has strictly followed the order of women and children first—refuses. Astor does not press the issue and steps away. His body will later be recovered.
Number 2, an emergency cutter, is launched under the command of Fourth Officer Boxhall. Aboard are some 20 people.
Number 11 is lowered with some 50 people aboard.
Number 4 is readied for launch. Madeleine Astor, some five months pregnant, is helped onto the boat by her husband, John Jacob Astor. When Astor asks if he may join her, Second Officer Lightoller—who has strictly followed the order of women and children first—refuses. Astor does not press the issue and steps away. His body will later be recovered.
12 Titanic The Ship 04 (1912) H&D FC
02:00 Hrs
The only lifeboats that remain on the Titanic are three of the collapsible boats.
The Titanic's bow has sunk low enough that the stern's propellers are now clearly visible above the water.
Crewmen lower collapsible Lifeboat D from the roof of the officers' quarters. More than 20 people are in the boat.
As the Titanic's bow goes under, Collapsible A is washed from the deck. Some 20 people manage to get into the boat, which is partly filled with water. By the time Lowe in Number 14 comes to their aid, only 12 are alive. Three bodies are left in the boat, which will be discovered a month later by the "Oceanic".
As crewmen try to release Collapsible B, it falls, and, before it can be righted, it is swept off the Titanic. Some 30 men find safety on the still-overturned lifeboat, including wireless operator Bride and Second Officer Lightoller. The men will later be taken aboard Numbers 4 and 12.
Captain Smith releases the crew, saying that “it's every man for himself.” Smith is reportedly last seen on the bridge. His body will never be recovered.
02:17 Hrs
Phillips sends a final distress signal. He reportedly makes it to the overturned collapsible Lifeboat B but succumbs to exposure. His body will not be found.
The only lifeboats that remain on the Titanic are three of the collapsible boats.
The Titanic's bow has sunk low enough that the stern's propellers are now clearly visible above the water.
Crewmen lower collapsible Lifeboat D from the roof of the officers' quarters. More than 20 people are in the boat.
As the Titanic's bow goes under, Collapsible A is washed from the deck. Some 20 people manage to get into the boat, which is partly filled with water. By the time Lowe in Number 14 comes to their aid, only 12 are alive. Three bodies are left in the boat, which will be discovered a month later by the "Oceanic".
As crewmen try to release Collapsible B, it falls, and, before it can be righted, it is swept off the Titanic. Some 30 men find safety on the still-overturned lifeboat, including wireless operator Bride and Second Officer Lightoller. The men will later be taken aboard Numbers 4 and 12.
Captain Smith releases the crew, saying that “it's every man for himself.” Smith is reportedly last seen on the bridge. His body will never be recovered.
02:17 Hrs
Phillips sends a final distress signal. He reportedly makes it to the overturned collapsible Lifeboat B but succumbs to exposure. His body will not be found.
13 The last known photo of the RMS Titanic afloat_FC
02:18 Hrs
The lights on the Titanic go out, plunging the ship into darkness.
As the Titanic's bow continues to sink, the stern rises higher out of the water, placing great strain on the midsection, and the ship breaks in two between the third and fourth funnels. Reports would later speculate that it took some six minutes for the bow section, likely travelling at approximately 30 miles (48 km) per hour, to reach the ocean bottom.
The stern momentarily settles back in the water before rising again, eventually becoming vertical. It briefly remains in that position before beginning its final plunge.
The lights on the Titanic go out, plunging the ship into darkness.
As the Titanic's bow continues to sink, the stern rises higher out of the water, placing great strain on the midsection, and the ship breaks in two between the third and fourth funnels. Reports would later speculate that it took some six minutes for the bow section, likely travelling at approximately 30 miles (48 km) per hour, to reach the ocean bottom.
The stern momentarily settles back in the water before rising again, eventually becoming vertical. It briefly remains in that position before beginning its final plunge.
14 Titanic, The 1st Class Deck (1912) H&D FC
02:20 Hrs
The stern disappears into the ocean, and the Titanic is gone.
Water pressure allegedly causes the stern, which still has air inside, to implode as it sinks. The stern lands some 2,000 feet (610 meters) from the bow.
Hundreds of people are in the freezing water. Although there is room in most of the lifeboats, crewmen are fearful that the boats will be swamped. Several boats eventually return, but too late. A few people are pulled to safety, but most die of exposure.
Over the next several hours, numerous ships try in vain to contact the Titanic. At one point, the "Birma's" wireless operator, believing that he has heard the liner, sends a message: “Steaming full speed to you; shall arrive you 6 in morning. Hope you are safe.”
The stern disappears into the ocean, and the Titanic is gone.
Water pressure allegedly causes the stern, which still has air inside, to implode as it sinks. The stern lands some 2,000 feet (610 meters) from the bow.
Hundreds of people are in the freezing water. Although there is room in most of the lifeboats, crewmen are fearful that the boats will be swamped. Several boats eventually return, but too late. A few people are pulled to safety, but most die of exposure.
Over the next several hours, numerous ships try in vain to contact the Titanic. At one point, the "Birma's" wireless operator, believing that he has heard the liner, sends a message: “Steaming full speed to you; shall arrive you 6 in morning. Hope you are safe.”
15 Titanic, The 2nd Class Deck (1912) H&D FC
03:30 Hrs
The "Carpathia" arrives in the area, firing rockets.
The "Carpathia" arrives in the area, firing rockets.
16 Titanic Survivors, on deck (1912) H&D FC
04:10 Hrs
Number 2 is the first lifeboat to reach the "Carpathia". It will take several hours for the ship to pick up all the survivors.
Ismay writes a message to be sent to the White Star Line's offices: “Deeply regret advise you Titanic sank this morning fifteenth after collision iceberg, resulting serious loss life; further particulars later.”
Number 2 is the first lifeboat to reach the "Carpathia". It will take several hours for the ship to pick up all the survivors.
Ismay writes a message to be sent to the White Star Line's offices: “Deeply regret advise you Titanic sank this morning fifteenth after collision iceberg, resulting serious loss life; further particulars later.”
17 Titanic Memorial (1912) H&D FC
8:30 AM
The "Californian" which at approximately 05:30 Hrs learned of the Titanic's sinking—arrives. It searches the area for several hours but fails to find any survivors.
The "Californian" which at approximately 05:30 Hrs learned of the Titanic's sinking—arrives. It searches the area for several hours but fails to find any survivors.
18 S.S. Titanic Mourning Card (1912) H&D FC
8:50 AM
The "Carpathia", carrying the 705 Titanic survivors, heads to New York City, where it will arrive to massive crowds on April 18th.
The "Carpathia", carrying the 705 Titanic survivors, heads to New York City, where it will arrive to massive crowds on April 18th.